Abstract

The Bologna Process is an ongoing effort of the European Higher Education Area to “tune” universities from 47 countries so that more predictable outcomes and consistency across national and institutional boundaries, leading to transparency in expectations, employment preparedness and certification, are achieved. It is difficult to disagree with any of that. It makes sense to facilitate student transfer from one university to another. It makes sense equating three- and four-year baccalaureate degrees from a disparate range of institutions. It makes sense to identify learning outcomes aligned with, or tuned to, business and industry needs, so graduates readily become the workforce of the future.

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