Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), often referred to as “forever chemicals,” are widely used due to their unique properties. The adverse health impacts of PFAS have been available for the last two decades, but the persistence of inadequate and poorly enforced regulations has led to pervasive environmental contamination. Recent regulatory changes by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency address PFAS in drinking water under the Safe Drinking Water Act and address PFAS in contaminated sites under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act. However, regulatory gaps persist, particularly regarding acceptable risks from sites contaminated with thousands of PFAS. This paper contextualizes PFAS contamination as a “wicked problem,” a multifaceted challenge with no straightforward or obvious solution. In the context of PFAS, we explore failures in current regulatory frameworks and identify strategies for addressing these shortcomings. Based on interviews with experts and our own policy analysis, we conclude that there is an implicit need for policies that account for the diverse and interconnected pathways of PFAS contamination, including groundwater, soil, and food products. A holistic approach to PFAS regulation must emphasize the importance of federal leadership, accountability, and robust research and innovation. This will mitigate the long-term risks to human health and the environment by allowing policymakers to develop more inclusive strategies for remediation and prevention.
