Copyright (c) 2009 Southern Illinois University Carbondale All rights reserved. http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl Recent documents in Ethnobotanical Leaflets en-us Tue, 17 Nov 2009 14:49:28 PST 3600 http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/47 http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/47 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 12:35:06 PST Tylophora asthmatica has recently been included as one of the important drugs from natural sources for the treatment of respiratory diseases. Clinical studies have shown effectiveness of the drug in bronchial asthma and thus modern research upholds the ancient claims of traditional medicine. This article reviews the various scientific studies and tries to analyze the current status of Tylophora asthmatica in bronchial asthma. Amrit Pal Singh http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/46 http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/46 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 12:35:05 PST Alzheimer's disease is characterized by forgetfulness, disturbance in memory and loss of mental abilities. The final outcome of the disease is loss of personality and intellectual functions. Alzheimer's disease is common cause of dementia particularly after the age of 70 years. Cholinesterase inhibitors are used for the treatment of Alzheimer's dementia, but due to unpleasant side effect, these groups of drugs can not be used for long term treatment. Phyto drugs are being investigated for possible cure of Alzheimer's disease. A number of constituents like Galanthamine, Huperzine, Hyperforin, and Desoxy-peganine have shown promising result. Some Ayurvedic herbs like Bacopa monneria (Bacosides) have recently gained attention because of memory enhancing activity. The article deals with latest findings in phytotherapy of Alzheimer's disease. Amrit Pal Singh http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/45 http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/45 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 12:35:04 PST An ethnobotanical project was carried out in the remote mountainous region of District Buner. Locals rely on medicinal plants for curing different ailments since time immemorial. However, recent and ever increasing dependency of locals on allopathic drugs along with industrialization, urbanization and globalization trends slowly but surely are modifying indigenous values and culture. The existing ethnobotanical knowledge of the area will not remain intact for long. In present study an effort was made to document common folk recipes of the area. Thus folk recipes used for curing 30 common diseases in the area were documented. Muhammad Hamayun http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/44 http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/44 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 12:35:03 PST This paper is based on the results of an ethnobotanical project carried out in the area comprising Utror-Gabral Valleys of upper Swat. The residents of the area use indigenous medicinal plants for curing diseases and also sell some of them in the local market for earning their livelihood. About 44 medicinal plants are collected in the area during the months of May, June, July and August. Out of these 44 species collected and marketed, 8 species of medicinal plants are endangered, 8 species are vulnerable and 8 species are rare. Bulk of these medicinal plants are used locally and only Berberis lycium, Bergenia ciliata, Podophyllum hexandrum, Colchicum luteum, Dioscoria deltoides, Viola spp., Pistacia integrimma, Morchella esculenta, Paeonia emodi, Rheum australe, Aconitum hetrophyllum, Valeriana jatamansi, Acorus calamus, Juglans regia, Diospyrus lotus and Bistorta amplexicaulis make their way to national and international markets. A survey conducted shows that medicinal plants collectors include womenfolk (48.26%), menfolk (27.0%) and children (24.74%). Almost 90% of these medicinal plants are sold in the local market in fresh form as the collectors are poor and needy. Some species are cleaned, dried in the sun and stored in plastic bags. The percentage of losses is much higher in the storage because the collectors are unaware about the proper storage methods of these plants. The availability of medicinal plants decreased during the past 20 years. According to aged villagers, medicinal plants were abundant in the vicinities of human settlements some 20 years back. However, the population of medicinal plants drastically decreased due to increased marketing pressure on medicinal plants, lack of job opportunities in the area, non sustainable harvesting methods like digging of whole plant and increased population of the area. The medicinal plants are now collected in large volumes from remote areas of Desan, Ghos, Ladhu, Pala-Shair, Sind, Molat, Gozba, Deej, Tosi and Kagishdin. Muhammad Hamayun http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/43 http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/43 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 12:35:02 PST The present study was carried out to assess and document ethnobotanical knowledge of shrubs and trees of District Buner as the area has diverse flora and high ethnobotanical potential. It was found that 94 different plant species are used for medicinal, timber, fuel wood, fodder, ornamental, agricultural tools, thatching, fencing, naming (folklore) and fruit yielding purposes. Bulk of plant species show multiple uses like Juglans regia wood is used for making furniture, gun woody parts, carving and as fuel. Root bark (Dandasa) is used for cleaning and sparkling teeth. Leaves are used by womenfolk for coloring lips (make-up). Nuts are edible and are traded to other parts of the country. The fruits are aphrodisiac and also used as dye. Decoction of leaves is given in eczema and intestinal worms. Used in naming, i.e., Ghuz. Several species like Abies pindrow, Berberis lycium, Juglans regia, Skimmia laureola, Daphne oleoides and Pistacea integrima are under severe pressure from local population and require protection and conservation strategies. Muhammad Hamayun http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/42 http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/42 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 12:35:01 PST Hypericin is a substance isolated from a medicinal herb Hypericum perforatum, commonly known as St. John's Wort. Hypericin belongs to group of compound known as napthodianthrones. Hypericin is a secondary plant metabolite of St.John's Wort and the amount of Hypericin strongly depend upon the source of the plant material. Initially Hypericin was considered to be the antidepressant principle of Hypericum perforatum, but according to latest research Hyperforin has emerged as antidepressant principle of the herb. Hypericin is used as standard for identification of genuine plant material and thus has importance from quality control point of view. The standardization of Hypericum perforatum is now based on both hypericin and hyperforin content. The herb must contain 0.3% of hypericin. Amrit Pal Singh http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/41 http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/41 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 12:35:00 PST The total area covered by forest in Pakistan is 4.8%. Forest resources directly contribute to 80% of livelihood of people living in extreme poverty. Important Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) are: morels, honey, fruits and nuts, vegetable, condiments and spices, mazri palm, silk cocoon, and many other. 17 species of mushrooms are reported during the study and about 34% of local people are dependent on NTFPs for income generation from these products. Local people rely on their indigenous knowledge for collection, processing, packing, drying, marketing and consumption of various NTFPs, especially mushrooms. Mushrooms, after collection and processing, are sold to the middleman who then sells into main market. More than 65% of the product is lost during the way to main market with finished product. About 532,280 kg were produced in 1997-98. There are problems like lack of awareness about collection and processing of various products and knowledge about marketing among local collectors. Extensive research is needed to study market trends and monopolies, wastage and unsustainability during different steps of processing, and govt. attitude toward NTFPs, etc. Studies to be conducted through bottom-up approach for proper planning, better levels of production, sustainable income through sustainable utilization, training and capacity building of related personnel, sustainable marketing and community for conservation. Abdul Latif http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/40 http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/40 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 12:34:59 PST Medicinal herbs constitute an effective source of traditional (Ayurvedic, Unani and Homeopathy) and modern medicine. The plant is a biosynthetic laboratory, not only for chemical compounds, but also a multitude of compounds like glycosides, alkaloids etc. These exert physiological and therapeutic effect. The compounds that are responsible for medicinal property of the drug are usually secondary metabolites. Alkaloids, glycosides, neutral principles, resins, oleoresins, sesquiterpene lactones are some of the common active constituents of medicinal herbs. The article reviews distribution of steroid like compounds and their pharmacological importance. Amrit Pal Singh http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/39 http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/39 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 12:34:58 PST Medicinal herbs constitute important source of drugs. Treatment of diseases with medicinal herbs is called phytothrepary. The study of chemistry of plant derived drugs is known as phytochemistry. Medicinal herbs have given us a number of important drugs, which are mainstays of treatment in synthetic system of medicine. Ayurveda, Siddha, Homeopathy and Herbalism are completely dependent on plants for formulations. Salicin, a glycoside isolated from Salix alba attracted the researchers in the 19th century and it provided us with most potent weapon, Acetyl-salicylic acid, for killing pain. The article highlights the historical usage and pharmacogonosy of medicinal herbs containing salicin. Amrit Pal Singh http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/38 http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/38 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 12:34:57 PST Manikhel forests, the far southern extension of Hindu Kush Mountain ranges, exhibit rich floral diversity in its nearly 175 Km2 area. It comprises sub-tropical semi deciduous thorny forests in the southern low lying Mediterranean type of climate and evergreen Oak-Yew forests in the northern faces of the Himalayan type of climate. A wide variety of plants are present in the area but this paper includes only those species whose common use is either known locally or they are in daily use for various purposes. The present investigations comprise 172 plant species belonging to 80 families. Bulk of these plants exhibit multiple uses. The local population is entirely rural and poor. They are primarily dependent on the forest resources for their necessities. Habib Ahmad et al. http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/36 http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/36 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 12:34:56 PST Glycyrrhizin is a triterpenoid saponin found in Glychyrrhiza glabra (licorice). Chemically, glycyrrhizin is a sulphated polysaccharide. It is considered to the active constituent of the drug and the standardization of licorice is based on glycyrrhizin content. The standardized extracts of licorice sold in the market contain 20% of glychrrhizin. Glycyrrhizin is converted into glychyrrhetic acid by an enzyme, glycaronidase. Amrit Pal Singh http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/37 http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/37 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 12:34:56 PST This paper is based on a research project carried out to study the collection and marketing status of morels in the remote HinduKush-Himalayan regions of Utror and Gabral, Pakistan. Eight species of morels were found to be collected in the project area during the months of March to July. Morchella conica and Morchella esculenta were the major species collected in the area. These morels are sold in the local markets of Madyan and Mingora, from where they are exported to France, Belgium, Switzerland, Austria and Germany. Morels thus provide a vital source of income to the poor population of Utror and Gabral. Morel collectors include 38.0% women, 37.0% men and 25.0% children. Huge quantities of morels are lost each year due to improper storage and collection techniques. Muhammad Hamayun http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/35 http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/35 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 12:34:55 PST Medicinal herbs are significant source of pharmaceutical drugs. Latest trends have shown increasing demand of phytodrugs and some medicinal herbs have proven hepatotprotective potential. Silymarin, a flavonol lignan mixture) extracted from the Silybum marianum (milk thistle) is a popular remedy for hepatic diseases. Today every herbal company is marketing formulations for liver disorders but the actual scene is that only selected medicinal herbs have been tested for hepatotprotective activity. Some herbal formulations claiming to be hepatoprotective may actually contain chemical constituents having hepatotoxic potential. Andrographolide (Andrographis paniculata), Glycyrrhizin (Glychyrrhiza glabra), Picrrorihzin (Picrorrhiza kurroa) and Hypo-phyllanthin (Phyllanthus niruri) are potential candidates with hepatoprotective activity. The article reviews latest trends in testing of isolated constituents with hepatoprotective activity. Samir Malhotra http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/34 http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/34 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 12:34:54 PST Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) is a plant used in medicine from the time of Ayurveda, the ancient system of Indian medicine. The dried roots of the plant are used in the treatment of nervous and sexual disorders. From chemistry point of view, the drug contains group of biologically active constituents known as withanolides. The chemical structures of withanolides have been studied and they are widely distributed in family Solanacae. Withaferin-A is therapeutically active withanolide reported to be present in leaves. In animal studies, withaferin-A has shown significant anticancer activity. Majority of the anticancer drugs like Vinblastine, Vincristine, and Taxol have been derived from green flora. Today there is much interest in natural products with anticancer activity. Withanolides are under research potential as far treatment of cancer is concerned. The article reviews the scope of studies published in favor of anticancer potential of withaferin-A. Amrit Pal Singh http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/33 http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/33 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 12:34:53 PST The aim of this study was to locate and document the medicinal herbs growing in Chandigarh and Mohali areas. Amrit Pal Singh http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/32 http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/32 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 12:34:52 PST This paper is based on the results of a project carried out in the remote Hindukush-Himalayan region of Malam Jabba, in order to study the ethnobotanically valued flora of the area. Malam Jabba valley contains 187 plant species of ethnobotanical importance, belonging to 75 families. The plants were classified as medicinal plants (95 Species), agro forestry based plants (57 Spp.), vegetable and pot herb (39 Spp.), ornamental (32 Spp.) honey bee attracting (31 Spp.), agricultural tool making (32 Spp.), plants yielding edible fruits (30 Spp.), thatching and sheltering (27 Spp.), fencing and hedge plants (19 Spp.), poisonous (16 Spp.), and timber yielding plants (14 Spp.). The vegetation of the area is under high biotic pressure as a result of indiscriminate deforestation for different purposes and overgrazing as the locals are primarily dependent on the plant resources of the area. People utilize wood mainly as fuel and cut trees to make more land available for agriculture. Ruthless collection of medicinal plants in the area has threatened the existence of some indispensable and valuable medicinal plants like Paeonia emodi, Podophylum hexandrum, Valeriana Jatamansi and Acorus calamus in the area. Ilyas Iqbal http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/31 http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/31 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 12:34:51 PST Vasaka is a common shrub distributed throughout India. In Ayurveda, the ancient system of Indian medicine, it is commonly known as vasa. It commonly grows in waste places. The medicinal value of the medicinal herb has been mentioned in old texts. It is household remedy for various disorders. Charaka Samhita has classified the drug under mucolytic and expectorant drugs. Amrit Pal Singh http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/30 http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/30 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 12:34:50 PST Amrit Pal Singh http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/29 http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/29 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 12:34:49 PST Folk medicine is significant source of Ayurvedic, Unani, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and Medical herbalism. Folk medicine incorporates crude medicinal herbs, decoctions and infusions and syrups. Folk medicine is still practiced by some vendors, hakims and vaids in remote areas and some folk preparations are of surprisingly high curative value. A large proportion of the population in a number of developing countries still relies on traditional practitioners, including traditional birth attendants, herbalists and bonesetters and on local medicinal plants to satisfy their primary health care needs. Vincristine and vinblastine, the potent anti cancer drugs were derived from folk plant, Vinca rosea (periwinkle) used traditionally for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Today herbal medicine is making dramatic comeback and scientists are turning to natural products for answer to ailments like cancer, Aids, hepatitis and rheumatoid arthritis. The article reviews the history and possible role of folklore drugs in modern drug industry. Amrit Pal Singh http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/27 http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/27 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 12:34:47 PST Mazri is the local name for dwarf palm (Nannorhops ritchieana). About 65,000 people are involved in processing of Mazri leaves--78% of them are women--in Pakistan. Average annual production of raw Mazri leaves in the country is 37,315 tonnes. Jhandey (Kalpani) is small town famous for its various products made from Mazri palm. 90% of the people of the area are dependent on Mazri products business. Price of the raw material (leaves) used in product preparation is Rs. 200-220 per 50 kg. Various products are prepared by the local people, which are really attractive to the domestic and international tourists. The number of products prepared per shop is 10-14. Various challenges are faced to the business of Mazri products like unsustainable processing of raw material, higher rates of raw material compared to prices of the products, lack of advertisement, improper marketing and substitution of Mazri products by polythene products etc. The study aimed at addressing issues and challenges faced to marketing and processing of Mazri in the area. Abdul Latif et al. http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/28 http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/28 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 12:34:47 PST This study represents first comprehensive ethnobotanical survey in Palas valley, Pakistan and is also an attempt to sum up the preexisting ethnobotanical information. A total of 139 ethnobotanically important plant species are being reported from the study area belonging to a total of 72 plant families. The most important families in this regard were Rosaceae (20 species), Asteraceae (9 species), Lamiaceae and Polygonaceae (5 species each). Herbs (59 species) were found to be the most used life forms followed by trees (40 species), shrubs (36 species) and Climbers (4 species) in descending order. Most frequently utilized portions of plants include Fruit (43 species), Wood (30 species), Root (24 species), Leaves (21 species), Whole Plant (16 species), Branch (15 species), Bark (8), Seed (8 species) and Flower (5 species). Most of the plants are utilized as medicine for humans (68 species). Only 3 species could be recorded for their use as veterinary medicine (although there may be many more). There were more than 68 plant species, which are utilized as food. The cultivated crop plants were, however, not included in the list. Fruit species included 38 plants and there were 29 plants that were important as food other than fruits. Most of these were found to be utilized as potherbs. A limited storage of the food plants was also noticed. There were 29 fuel species, 2 torchwood species, 28 fodder species and 10 timber species. Agricultural tools and handles were found to be made from 13 different species. Those employed for hedges, fencing and thatching included 7 species. Five species were used as spices, three for tea and 28 species were recorded for miscellaneous i.e., other than those mentioned above. Currently there are 10 major species that are brought to market for sale these include Bunium persicum, Diospyros lotus, Juglans regia, Morchella esculenta, Podophyllum emodi, Saussurea costus, Valeriana sp., Viola sp. Vernonia anthelmentica, and Ziziphus oxyphylla. Market plants especially Valeriana jatamansi, Saussurea costus, Paeonia emodi and Podophyllum emodi are under severe pressure due to ethnobotanical collections. High summer pastures are the focus area for collection of most of the plant species and additionally intense grazing has posed a serious threat to these areas. Awareness program in the area about the importance of the indigenous flora, sustainable plants collection and conservation of important medicinal plants would be desirable. The local community should be actively involved in conservation practices. Rotational grazing and reducing the number of livestock will help reduce pressure on pastures. Cultivation of medicinal plants and other plants of economic importance will create new openings for the uplift of poor locals and will also reduce pressures on wild population. A long-term ethnobotanical programme that may address the issues will be a great demand in future. Zafeer Saqib http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/26 http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/26 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 12:34:46 PST Kutkins are group of pharmacologically active compounds present in Picrorhiza kurroa Royle (Scrophulariaceae). Picrorhiza kurroa is traditionally known as kutki and has intense bitter taste. In Ayurveda Picrorhiza kurroa is a reputed remedy for the treatment of liver diseases. The chemical composition of the Picrorhiza has been studied and active constituents are group of iridoid glycosides known as picrosides and kutkosides. The mechanism of action of kutkins appears to the same as that of silymarin (active constituent and hepatoprotective constituent of Silybum marianum). Studies have shown that kutkins are more potent than silymarin as far as hepatoprotective activity is concerned. Amrit Pal Singh http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/25 http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/25 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 12:34:45 PST Amrit Pal Singh http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/24 http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/24 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 12:34:44 PST Results of the present investigation are based on 37 indigenous plant species belonging to 23 Angiospermic families. These indigenous plants were used as traditional phytotherapies for the control and treatment of diabetes millitus. The rural inhabitants of the area classified these traditional phytotherapies on the basis of uses of various parts of plants and method of their uses. About 29 traditional phytotherapies were investigated from the rural inhabitants of the area. These traditional phytotherapies were classified as antidiabetic extracts, leaves, powders, flour, seeds, vegetables, fruits and herbal mixtures. Mushtaq Ahmad et al. http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/23 http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/23 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 12:34:43 PST A survey of medico-botanical investigation was conducted between October 2003 to April, 2004 in the Galliyat areas of North West Frontier Province (NWFP) of Pakistan. Our survey focused on four specific Gullies: Donga Galli, Bara Galli, Nathia Galli and Chhangla Galli. Indigenous knowledge of local inhabitants about the use of native plants was collected during field trips through questionnaire. The medico-botanical investigation about 30 species belonging to 28 genera of 21 families were recorded during course of study. Voucher specimens were collected and deposited in the botany lab of University of Arid Agriculture, Rawalpindi, for future reference. For each species the information regarding the botanical names is followed by local name, family name, flowering period, voucher specimen number, part used and ethnomedicinal uses. Muhammad Arshad http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/22 http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/22 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 12:34:42 PST In order to explore the medicinal values of plant species like Berberis lyceum and Justicia adhatoda, a study was conducted to analyze roots, leaves and fruits of both plant species for identification of various organic compounds. Chemical analysis as well as identification of organic compounds by chromatographic techniques were carried out. Results indicates that both plant species contained Proteins, Sugars, Lipids, Vitamin C, Sodium, Calcium, Sulphur, Iron, and Zinc. Whereas the alkaloids like Palmatine, Berberine, Vasicine and Vasicinone were also found in leaves and roots of these plant species. However, it was observed that roots of both plant species contained higher concentrations of these chemical compounds as compared to fruits and leaves except sugar and vitamin C those were high in fruits. Furthermore presence of such bioactive compounds in Berberis lyceum and Justicia adhatoda indicated their importance in the form of local medicines. This experiment will help to increase the importance of new raw material found in these plant species and their demand in the market will be increased in the future. The extract of roots and fruits of these plant species are being used against various infections and diseases in rural population of subcontinent since many centuries. Muhammad Gulfraz http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/21 http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/21 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 12:34:41 PST The present research work was based on the results of an enthnobotanical research project conducted in the Galliyat areas of North-West Frontier Province (Pakistan) during July 2003-March 2004. The region is mountainous with pine forests. Botanists have rarely studied the remote villages of the area, hence ethnobotanical information is quite meager. The local people of the area have always used surrounding natural resources, that is wild plants, for medicinal purposes and have for a long time depended on the surrounding plant sources for their food, shelter, fodder, timber, fuel and health care. The present study mainly focuses on the information regarding indigenous uses of plants for medicinal as well as other purposes by the native people of the area. The ethnobotanical data of 40 plant species belonging to 37 genera and 26 families, during summer and winter season was collected. Among them the two families belong to gymnosperms, two families of pteridophytes, one family of monocot and 21 families of dicot (Angiosperms) were studied ethnobotanically. The ethnobotanical inventory consist of botanical name of plant followed by its local name, family, habit and habitat, flowering period, voucher specimen number, part use, ethnomedicinal uses and other ethnobotanical uses. Muhammad Arshad http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/20 http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/20 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 12:34:40 PST Medicinal plants constitute an effective source of traditional and modern medicines. The plant is a biosynthetic laboratory, not only for chemical compounds but also a multitude of the compounds. The present research work was confined to study the macro, microscopic features and analysis of powdered drug of Acacia modesta Wall., Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile, Berberis lycium Royle and Zanthoxylum alatum D. C. Prod. These studies were carried out in Botany laboratory of University of Arid Agriculture, Rawalpindi during 2004. These species are used as miswak (tooth brush) by local people of Pakistan in different areas. Anatomical features such as, fibres, parenchyma cells, vessels and pith were identified during microscopic studies. Powdered miswak of Acacia modesta Wall., Berberis lycium Royle and Zanthoxylum alatum D. C. Prod. were soluble in sulphuric acid only while insoluble in other solvents, i.e., hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, benzene and water. Powdered miswak of Acacia nilotica was insoluble in these solvents. Powdered drug of these species did not retain their original colour in cold and hot tests and on dry filter paper, when mixed in various solvents. Abid Mahmood et al. http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/19 http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/19 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 12:34:39 PST Medicinal plants a gift of nature are being used against various infections and diseases in the subcontinent since past history. Herbs were use as food ( vegetables ) and flavors for hundred of years in many parts of world. Whereas number of herbs have also been traditionally regarded as natural remedies for common ailments of human population. Furthermore some herbal plants are considered as house of medicines and played an important role in nearly every culture on earth, including Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas. A study was conducted to analyze the leaves and seeds of Foeniculum vulgare for different bioactive compounds to include saponins, total proteins, amino acids, fat and flavonoids with one and two dimensional thin layer and column chromatography followed by spectrophotometric analysis. Results indicates that leaves contained higher concentration of flavonoids and fat. Whereas level of saponins, proteins, amino acids, total minerals and other organic compounds was high in seeds. The analysis of leaves and seeds of Foeniculum vulgare for these valuable organic compounds will provide important raw materials that can be used for preparation of medicines in Pharmaceuticals companies. Furthermore interest of people in plant made medicines is increasing due to their concern about the side effects of powerful synthetic drugs and high prices of these medicines. It is expected that raw material obtained from plants will not only reduce the prices of medicines in the pharmaceutical market but also provide rapid and reliable system of treatment of various infection and disease of human population. Muhammad Gulfraz et al. http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/18 http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/18 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 12:34:38 PST The medicinal plants find application in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, agricultural and food industry. The use of the medicinal herbs for curing disease has been documented in history of all civilizations. With the onset of research, it was concluded that plants contain active principles, which are responsible, for curative action of the herbs. Ayurvedic drugs are used in crude forms like expressed juice, powder, decoction or infusion. Ancient healers, developed formulations based on medicinal herbs, were probably not aware about the chemical composition of the herbs. But the advancement they made despite non-availability of scientific procedures is astonishing. Scientific research has proved the utility of time tested remedies. The article reviews work done on isolated constituents of rare Indian medicinal plants. Amrit Pal Singh http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/16 http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/16 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 12:34:37 PST This paper focuses on twenty eight medicinally important leafy vegetables documented from the South western part of Nigeria. It also highlights their medicinal importance in the treatment of minor ailments as well as their sources. The family Compositae (Asteraceae) contained the highest number of plants followed by the Cucurbitaceae, Malvaceae and Solanaceae. Sixty-eight percent of the documented vegetables are cultivated, eleven percent is usually obtained in the wild while twenty-one percent is either cultivated or obtained from the wild. The need for concern on the conservation of genetic resources of these plants (especially those in the wild) is stressed in order to safeguard them for future generations and avoid their genetic erosion. The establishment of a gene/seed bank for vegetables is advocated. A. E. Ayodele http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/17 http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/17 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 12:34:37 PST Medicinal herbs are significant source of hepatoprotective drugs. Mono and poly-herbal preparations have been used in various liver disorders. According to one estimate, more than 700 mono and poly-herbal preparations in the form of decoction, tincture, tablets and capsules from more than 100 plants are in clinical use. A drug having beneficial affect on the liver is known as hepatoprotective drug. On the other hand, drugs having toxic affect on the liver are better known as hepatotoxic drugs. Clinical research has also shown that herbals have genuine utility in the treatment of liver diseases. The article deals with investigative work done on herbals beneficial in liver and gall bladder ailments. Amrit Pal Singh http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/15 http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/15 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 12:34:36 PST Stem bark harvested from Ayikuma arboretum of the Centre for Scientific Research into Plant Medicine, Mampong-Akuapem, was used for the research. The research was to investigate the healing or recovery strength or ability of K. senegelensis (Desr.) A. Juss. over a period of six months. The result showed varied healing or recovery strength or ability of the ten sampled plant species, which may be due to variation in edaphic factors, since environmental factors were uniform within the sampled plot. Y. Ameyaw http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/14 http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/14 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 12:34:35 PST Oen Liang-Hie http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/13 http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/13 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 12:34:34 PST Morphohistological studies of two forest species of Annonaceae have been reported; the species covered are Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich and X. quintassii Engl. And Diels. Wood fibres range in length from 965 ± 4 µm in X. aethiopica to 853 ± 3 µm X. quintassii. Leaves are hypostomatic with paracytic stomata found only in the lower epidermis. The epidermal cell walls are straight. Epidermal crystals are cluster crystals, which are present in all the species. Communities bordering the Pre-Suhien Forest Reserve notably, Abrafo-Odumase, Mfuom and Ankaako use these plant species for the treatment of stomach and bronchial troubles as well as rheumatism. Y. Ameyaw http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/12 http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/12 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 12:34:33 PST A survey research was conducted on some medicinal plant species envisaged of having the potential for preservation of herbal preparations. The aim was to determine whether there is an interspecific relationship among some selected medicinal plant species using their total extracts as the basis for computerization. To this end, statistical model comprising the Duncan's Multiple Range Test and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were applied to the total extract obtained from the medicinal plant species harvested from Mampong- and Mamfe-Akuapem environs to determine the existence of variations. The results showed the existence of variation and some of the medicinal plant species were more influential or weighted more than others. Y. Ameyaw http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/11 http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/11 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 12:34:32 PST This communication records the ethnomedicinal uses of Achyranthes aspera in management of gynecological disorders in rural areas of Aligarh, Badaun, Bulandshahar, Farrukhabad and Hatharas districts of Western Uttar Pradesh, India. The claims were gathered by interviewing traditional healers, especially women, of the study area. Attempt was made to verify the efficacy of claims with actual beneficiaries, though it was not possible in all cases due to social customs. A total of twenty-three claims are recorded and twelve of them appear to be hitherto unknown. Abdul Viqar Khan http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/10 http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/10 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 12:34:31 PST The ethnomedicinal applications of the plant species used primarily as spices and condiments among the indigenous peoples of the Niger Delta area of Nigeria were examined. A total of 24 species belonging to 10 different families were found to have varying applications in ethnobotany and ethnomedicine. The studies indicate that the indigenous people have also developed different methods for collecting, processing, using and conserving these valuable plants and/or their products. The contributions of this study towards the understanding, documentation and safeguarding of indigenous knowledge and use of plants are discussed. B. C. Ndukwu http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/9 http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/9 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 12:34:30 PST Present studies were carried out to investigate ethnobotanical profile of Utror and Gabral. The twin valleys are located in the remote northwestern part of District Swat. The area is gifted with diverse and unique flora as it is adjacent to the confluence point of Himalayas, Hindu Kush and Karakorum. The people are mostly poor, illiterate and depend upon plant resources for their domestic needs. The inhabitants of Utror and Gabral utilize 176 plant species for more than 42 domestic needs. Based on their type of usage, the major usage types include 133 medicinal plants, 29 fuel wood species, 33 fodder species, 24 vegetables and pot herbs, 18 veterinary medicinal plants, 19 fruit yielding plants, 16 spices and condiments, 8 for construction and timber requirements, 10 ornamental plant species and 8 used as mouth wash (Maswak). Other miscellaneous uses of plants include aesthetics sense (1 species), anti lice (2 sp.), agricultural tools (8 sp.), thatching and roofing (5 sp.), baskets making (2 sp.), brooms (2 sp.), bridges (3 sp.), cosmetics (3 sp.), dye (2 sp.), dish cleaner (2 sp.), home decoration (2 sp.), feed (1 sp.), fencing (10 sp.), fish poison (2 sp.), furniture (8 sp.), honey bee attractant (8 sp), match industry (2 sp.), mythological use (6 sp.), naming (9 sp.), narcotic (3 sp.), oil (3 sp.), packing material (2 sp.), poisonous plants (6 sp.), ropes (2 sp.), anti snake and scorpion bite (5 sp.), soil binder (1 sp.), sticks/handles (3 sp.), snuff ash (1 sp.), shade tree (3 sp.), sport tools (1 sp.), tea (1 sp.) and utensil making (3 sp.). Most of the plants are used for multiple purposes. Some plants are also sold in the local markets, thus providing an additional source of income. Muhammad Hamayun et al. http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/8 http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/8 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 12:34:29 PST An ethnobotanical survey was carried out in some districts namely, Akuapem North and South, Kwahu South and the Afram Plains of the Eastern Region of Ghana. The research was to investigate the quality standards and harvesting procedures of some medicinal plant parts used in herbal preparations by herbalists in the region. The results indicate that quality standards such as specified plant parts, size specification, quality specification, specified packaging, good storage to prevent dust, growth of mould and other foreign matter were strictly implemented as required by Herbalists or Traditional Medical Practitioners in the region. Y. Ameyaw et al. http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/7 http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/7 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 12:34:28 PST Cellulase is important enzyme required for catabolism of cellulose into smaller sugars in the animal metabolism. Cellulose is plant polysaccharides and contained higher range of sugar molecules those with help of suitable enzyme and microorganism can be used for conversion of sugar into biofuels to meet the requirements of energy. In the present study Cellulase was produce from corn straw by solid state fermentation with the help of Trichoderma Reesei. The corn straw was supplemented with wheat bran for supply of essential elements ( N and C). The optimal experimental conditions like temperature, pH, time total water contents of substrate were selected for this study. It was observed that cellulase shows its maximum activity at when corn straw and wheat bran ration is 1:1 (water contents ratios 1:2 ). The optimal temperature 28 degrees C., pH 5.5 and time duration for maximum activity was 72 hours. Furthermore the fermented activity of FPase 119.41 U followed by CMCase 452.5 U was observed in the present study. J. Sh. Wang http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/6 http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/6 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 12:34:27 PST This communication emphasized upon the sensitivity of the crude extracts of Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn. [Verbenaceae] against some of the human pathogenic bacteria. Five plant extracts (Petrol, Benzene, Methanol, Ethly acetate and Aqueous) under six different concentrations (500 mg/ml, 1 mg/ml, 2 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml, 10 mg/ml and 15 mg/ml) were tested by disk diffusion method. Methanol, Ethyl acetate and Aqueous extracts of the plant showed significant inhibition against fifteen of the eighteen bacteria tested. No earlier report on antibacterial activity of this taxon could be found in literature. Abdul Viqar Khan http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/5 http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/5 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 12:34:26 PST Common plants used by the indigenous people of south eastern Nigeria for medicinal purposes were catalogued based on collections during field trips and visits to traditional medicine practitioners in these parts, and questionnaires administered to resident knowledgeable respondents. These plants were briefly described and their local names provided where possible while the medicinal uses and parts used were listed. Faced with rapid depletion and the current focus on cheaper alternatives to synthetic drugs, the need to document these plant resources and explore short and long term strategies of conserving them were highlighted. Emphasis was laid on integration of traditional with orthodox health care systems in order to enhance the health of the people in this area. Gordian C. Obute http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/4 http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/4 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 12:34:25 PST Fermentation biotechnology is an important industrial process for the production of alcoholic beverages including wine. However, aging of wine is always an important issue during production. In present study a attempt has made to produce wine by fermentation process along with the assesment of aging of wine. In this experiment Grape fruit (jufeng) was used as a raw material and fermentation process was carried out with yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) at 28 degrees C. During experiment growth of yeast cell, total solid contents and degree of liquor alcohol was considered critically. The various alcoholic compounds were analyzed with selective method of gas chromatography. Results obtained in the present study indicates that volume of all compounds like ethyl acetate, propyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, isoamyl acetate，isoamyl alcohol and ethyl formate was increased with the function of time during fermentation. While during aging process the contents of methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, isoamyl acetate and ethyl lactate were increased but isoamyl alcohol decreased. The levels of propyl alcohol and isobutyl alcohol fell after short period of time. However, no significant effects of aging process on methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, isobutyl alcohol, isoamyl alcohol and ethyl lactate (p>0.05) were observed. Whereas significant effects of aging on the propyl alcohol and isoamyl acetate (p<0.05) were observed. X. X. Guo et al. http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/3 http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/3 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 12:34:23 PST Non timber forest products (NTFPs) consist of goods of biological origin other than timber. Pakistan has great diversity in its relief feature, giving arise to unique floral compositions. 80% of the forest dwellers are dependent on NTFPs in one way or the other due to poverty. Forest dwellers rely on their indigenous knowledge for collecting, processing, packing, drying, marketing and consumption of various NTFPs. Some of the important NTFPs produced in Pakistan are: morels, honey, fruits and nuts, vegetable, condiments and spices, mazri palm, silk cocoon, and many others. 131 species are reported during the study. About 34% of local people are dependent on NTFPs for income generation. The prices and production of many NTFPs are fluctuating in different years. Some of NTFPs are exported, earning valuable foreign exchange like chalghoza, morels, walnuts etc. There was an export of 1384.72 million in 1999-00. These products, after collection and processing, are sold to the middleman who than sells into main market. 65% of the product is lost during the way to final product. The study reveals present situation of trade and marketing of NTFPs and future guidelines for proper planning and management. Abdul Latif http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/2 http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/2 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 12:34:22 PST This paper forms a part of the theses entitled "Influence of farming culture on the folk arts and rituals of North Malabar region of Kerala state". The objective of the study was to identify specific elements as influenced by farming culture and to assess their scientific rationale, if any. The research design followed was exploratory and ex post facto in nature. The study revealed that most of the rituals have been originated from an ancient agrarian society which had a deep-rooted stand in farming culture. It was also seen that these rituals, through superstitions, taboos, etc., prompted the public to conserve the ecosystem. They promoted eco-friendly sustainable farming supplementing the endeavor towards a greener Kerala. M. P. Jayashree http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/1 http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2005/iss1/1 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 12:34:21 PST An ethnobotanical study was carried out in order to document the folk uses of tree species in the remote region of Swat Kohistan. The population of the region primarily depends upon plant resources for their domestic needs. It was found that 28 tree species belonging to 15 different families are utilized for multiple purposes in Swat Kohistan. Cedrus deodara and Pinus wallichiana is also exported to other parts of Pakistan and thus play a vital role in the economy of the area. Most of these tree species are also used for medicinal purposes. Muhammad Hamayun